About

About this atlas

pierrerousseaux.com EU Trade Dependencies page pierre.rousseaux@ensae.fr

I am Pierre Rousseaux, a PhD candidate in Economics at CREST (École Polytechnique, ENSAE). My main research fields are labour and public economics; international trade is my secondary research topic, centered on the identification and measurement of trade dependencies, as well as how firms adapt to the risks that such dependencies create.

This trade dependencies work builds on joint research with Isabelle Mejean (Sciences Po), published as Chapter 3 of the Paris Report 2 Europe's Economic Security (CEPR/Bruegel, 2024), and on a contribution to the EIB Investment Report 2024/2025 (Chapter 5, Box C). Related work with Lionel Fontagné on defining and measuring value-chain resilience is under way as part of the evaluation of the France 2030 investment plan.

About this atlas

The Trade Dependency Atlas applies the Mejean–Rousseaux (2024) five-criteria methodology — originally developed at EU scale — at the level of individual economies, following Fontagné and Rousseaux (2026). It covers 232 economies, including the EU27 member states, the United Kingdom, and economies across all continents, over two pooled periods (2015–2019 and 2021–2024). It also introduces reverse dependency indicators measuring the export leverage each economy holds over others.

The atlas is built entirely on open data (BACI CEPII, Eurostat Prodcom, World Bank, ECB) and open-source code (R, D3.js). All data and code are available upon request for academic purposes.

This atlas already serves as both a discussion point and a research output shared with European institutions and foreign ministries working to refine their own lists of critical dependencies. Get in touch if you would like to discuss trade dependencies and resilience for your country.

Data and production coverage

The absorption criterion (criterion 4 in Mejean and Rousseaux, 2024) requires domestic production data at the product level. Currently, this is available only for:

For all other economies, only the three EC criteria and the stickiness criterion are applied. This means that the dependency lists for non-EU/UK economies are likely upper bounds of the true vulnerable set.

Contribute production data: If you have access to domestic production data (at the HS6 or equivalent product level) for countries not currently covered — such as the United States, Japan, South Korea, Canada, Australia, or emerging economies — I would be delighted to hear from you. Such data would significantly improve the atlas coverage and allow full application of the five-criteria methodology to these economies.

Contact and collaboration

For enquiries about the methodology, the underlying data, the product lists, or potential collaboration:

Full product lists for all methodologies and all economies are available upon request for academic purposes.

License and citation

This atlas, its underlying data, and its methodology are the intellectual property of Pierre Rousseaux. All rights reserved. Academic and research use may be granted upon request — please contact pierre.rousseaux@ensae.fr. Any authorised use requires proper citation of the works below. Commercial use, redistribution, or derivative works are not permitted without prior written permission.

Any authorised use of this atlas must cite the following works:

Mejean, I. and Rousseaux, P. (2024). "Identifying European Trade Dependencies." Paris Report 2: Europe's Economic Security, CEPR Press.

Rousseaux, P. (2024). "Trade Dependencies: Measurement and Evolution." EIB Investment Report 2024/2025, Chapter 5, Box C. European Investment Bank.

Fontagné, L. and Rousseaux, P. (2026). "Trade Dependencies at the Country Level." Working paper.